Baseline Studies


"Collision Frequency of Artificial Satellites: The Creation of a Debris Belt", D.J. Kessler and B.G. Cour-Palais, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 83, No. A6, 2637-2646, June 1, 1978

“Orbital Debris: A Technical Assessment”, National Research Council 1995, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press

“Orbital Debris: A Chronology”, Portree, Loftus, January 1999

“Critical Number of Spacecraft in Low Earth Orbit: Using Satellite Fragmentation Data to Evaluate the Stability of the Orbital Debris Environment”, Donald Kessler, Phillip Anz-Meador, Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Space Debris, March 19-21, 2001

“The Current Space Debris Situation”, Wright, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2010 Beijing Orbital Debris Mitigation Workshop

“The Kessler Syndrome: Implications to Future Space Operations”, Donald J. Kessler, Nicholas L. Johnson, J.-C. Liou, and Mark Matney, American Astronautical Society, 33rd Annual AAS Guidance and Control Conference, AAS 10-016 6-10, February 6-10, 2010

“Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs”, National Research Council 2011. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press

“The History of Space Debris”, Hall, November 2014, Space Traffic Management Conference, Embry-Riddle University

C. Liou, March 15-17, 2016 “The Orbital Debris Hazard: Fact or Fiction”, Darren McKnight, presentation to MIT Alumni Club, April 8, 2015

“IAA Situation Report on Space Debris - 2016”, International Academy of Astronautics, Editors Christophe Bonnal, Darren S. McKnight, ISBN/EAN IAA: 978-2-917761-56-4

“Orbital Debris Challenges for Space Operations”, J.-C. Liou, March 15-17, 2016

"Understanding Long-term Orbital Debris Population Dynamics", Hugh G. Lewis, 2019

“NASA Orbital Debris Program Office Overview, J.C. Liou, 2019

“ESA’s Annual Space Environment Report”, European Space Agency, July 17, 2019

“Risks from Orbital Debris and Space Situational Awareness”, J.-C. Liou, January 14-16, 2020

“The 2019 U.S. Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices”, J.-C. Liou, February 2020

“Orbital Debris Threat for Space Sustainability and Way Forward (Review Article)”, A. Murtaza, et al., IEEE Access, March 9, 2020